There are no hard and fast answers to your questions. Most start ups begin with the person starting the business puting a significant amount of their own time and money into getting the business going, borrowing from friends and family, etc. Then, once the concept shows promise, approaching investors to invest. Usuallly, investors get company stock for their investment with the hope that the company will go public. If a company issues 1 million shares of stock, and investors buy in at $1/share (for example) and invest $100,000, then you aren't really giving away the company.
Microsoft, Dell, Amazon, Google, Yahoo...all of these companies recieved significant amounts of outside investment...some even invested in the others (Amazon was an early investor in Google, for example). I would say the company founders made out ok. I know these are multi billion dollar companies, but they didn't start that way.
The fallacy is that you are giving away your company...as a business owner, as soon as you accept outside investment you are now a type C corporation, which means the company profits no longer pass through to you like with a type S corporation (this is a simplification, but is basically how it works).
If you're talking about a business loan, that opens a whole other can of worms. Now you need to be prepared to bare your soul to the lender. They will want all of your financials for multiple years, business plan, sales records, sales projections, inventory records, lease documents, etc...etc...etc...
And the answer to a) and e) is NO and NOBODY.